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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>4.2 Fraud, scams, and targeted manipulation - Vulnerability (Actors)</title>
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<body>
<div class="container">
<h1>4.2 Fraud, scams, and targeted manipulation - Vulnerability (Actors)</h1>
<div class="selection-title">Select a actor:</div>
<div class="nav-pills">
<button class="nav-pill active" data-target="AIDeveloperGeneralpurposeAI">
AI Developer (General-purpose AI)
</button>
<button class="nav-pill" data-target="AIDeployer">
AI Deployer
</button>
<button class="nav-pill" data-target="AIGovernanceActor">
AI Governance Actor
</button>
<button class="nav-pill" data-target="AIUser">
AI User
</button>
</div>
<div class="content-sections">
<div class="entity-section active" id="AIDeveloperGeneralpurposeAI">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expet commented: "Developers and deployers face moderate to high vulnerability from reputational damage when their systems are exploited."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"AI Users and Affected Stakeholders are extremely vulnerable as direct targets of fraud schemes. Developers and deployers face moderate to high vulnerability from reputational damage when their systems are exploited. Governance actors are moderately vulnerable as they navigate new regulatory challenges."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "General-purpose developers face mainly reputational and legal exposure, so moderate."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"General-purpose developers face mainly reputational and legal exposure, so moderate."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="AIDeployer">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> Developers and deployers face moderate to high vulnerability from reputational damage when their systems are exploited. They are highly exposed via account takeover, platform abuse, and liability from scams run through their systems.</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (2)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Developers and deployers face moderate to high vulnerability from reputational damage when their systems are exploited."</li> <li>"Deployers are highly exposed via account takeover, platform abuse, and liability from scams run through their systems."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="AIGovernanceActor">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> Vulnerable due to regulatory lag and limited capacity to control emerging deceptive practices</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (2)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"AI Governance Actors : Highly vulnerable due to regulatory lag and limited capacity to control emerging deceptive practices (deepfake,...)"</li> <li>"Governance actors are moderately vulnerable as they navigate new regulatory challenges."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "Governance actors and infrastructure providers are occasionally targeted but have limited direct financial or identity-theft exposure, so minimal."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Governance actors and infrastructure providers are occasionally targeted but have limited direct financial or identity-theft exposure, so minimal."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="AIUser">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> Experts rate users as highly to extremely vulnerable as direct targets of fraud schemes. They're primary victims of scams, manipulation, and identity theft through AI-enabled attacks. Users often lack awareness of AI risks and technical knowledge to defend themselves, making them common entry points for attacks with high exposure to financial and personal harm.</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (3)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Affected stakeholders and AI users : Extremely vulnerable because they have limited ability and knowledge to protect themselves from AI fraud and manipulation."</li> <li>"AI Users and Affected Stakeholders are extremely vulnerable as direct targets of fraud schemes."</li> <li>"Primary exposure sits with users and affected stakeholders who are the direct targets and victims."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="AIDeveloperSpecializedAI">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "Specialized developers that build persuasion, lead-gen, or social-engineering tooling are attractive targets and can be co-opted, so high. "</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Specialized developers that build persuasion, lead-gen, or social-engineering tooling are attractive targets and can be co-opted, so high."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="AIDeployer">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> Developers and deployers face moderate to high vulnerability from reputational damage when their systems are exploited. They are highly exposed via account takeover, platform abuse, and liability from scams run through their systems.</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (2)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Developers and deployers face moderate to high vulnerability from reputational damage when their systems are exploited."</li> <li>"Deployers are highly exposed via account takeover, platform abuse, and liability from scams run through their systems."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="AIInfrastructureProvider">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> There is no reason for infrastructure providers to have anything higher than a moderate vulnerability to fraud, scams, and targeted manipulation. I think we need to have more relative perspective instead of automatically labelling the highest risk levels for every stakeholder. Governance actors and infrastructure providers are occasionally targeted but have limited direct financial or identity-theft exposure, so minimal.</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (2)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"There is no reason for infrastructure providers to have anything higher than a moderate vulnerability to fraud, scams, and targeted manipulation. I think we need to have more relative perspective instead of automatically labelling the highest risk levels for every stakeholder."</li> <li>"Governance actors and infrastructure providers are occasionally targeted but have limited direct financial or identity-theft exposure, so minimal."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="AIUser">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> Experts rate users as highly to extremely vulnerable as direct targets of fraud schemes. They're primary victims of scams, manipulation, and identity theft through AI-enabled attacks. Users often lack awareness of AI risks and technical knowledge to defend themselves, making them common entry points for attacks with high exposure to financial and personal harm.</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (3)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Affected stakeholders and AI users : Extremely vulnerable because they have limited ability and knowledge to protect themselves from AI fraud and manipulation."</li> <li>"AI Users and Affected Stakeholders are extremely vulnerable as direct targets of fraud schemes."</li> <li>"Primary exposure sits with users and affected stakeholders who are the direct targets and victims."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="AffectedStakeholder">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> Affected stakeholders (e.g., the public, employees, customers) are exposed to manipulation and scams, especially through AI-generated content. They are sensitive to harm but lack control or awareness, making them vulnerable to exploitation. AI users and affected stakeholders are extremely vulnerable as direct targets of fraud schemes. Primary exposure sits with users and affected stakeholders who are the direct targets and victims.</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (4)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Affected stakeholders and AI users : Extremely vulnerable because they have limited ability and knowledge to protect themselves from AI fraud and manipulation."</li> <li>"AI Users and Affected Stakeholders are extremely vulnerable as direct targets of fraud schemes."</li> <li>"Primary exposure sits with users and affected stakeholders who are the direct targets and victims."</li> <li>"Sensitivity for most actors is actually pretty low, in that fraud and scams are unlikely to be such a big risk for many of these actors. Hence low vulnerability overall. Exception is affected stakeholders who might be particularly vulnerable groups."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> [NO EXPERT COMMENTS PROVIDED]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="entity-section" id="AIGovernanceActor">
<div class="content-grid">
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header higher">Reasons for Higher Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> Vulnerable due to regulatory lag and limited capacity to control emerging deceptive practices</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (2)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"AI Governance Actors : Highly vulnerable due to regulatory lag and limited capacity to control emerging deceptive practices (deepfake,...)"</li> <li>"Governance actors are moderately vulnerable as they navigate new regulatory challenges."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-column">
<h3 class="criteria-header lower">Reasons for Lower Vulnerability</h3>
<div class="summary-section">
<p class="summary-text"><strong>AI-generated summary:</strong> One expert commented: "Governance actors and infrastructure providers are occasionally targeted but have limited direct financial or identity-theft exposure, so minimal."</p>
<details class="quote-details">
<summary class="quote-toggle">See all expert comments (1)</summary>
<ul class="quote-list">
<li>"Governance actors and infrastructure providers are occasionally targeted but have limited direct financial or identity-theft exposure, so minimal."</li>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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