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title Lesson 1: Getting Started
url /dba/getting-started/
date 2025-04-07
description
categories
tags
weight 1
toc true
license_note For academic and non-commercial usage, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 by MariaDB plc.
license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
license_url https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

Getting started

Learning Objectives

  • List the steps to deploy MariaDB Server using distribution packages
  • Explain the benefits and challenges of upgrading MariaDB Server, and list the steps you need to take before and after the upgrade
  • Know which tools and client utilities to use to perform common tasks such as managing users accounts and permissions, benchmarking, and backing up and restoring data
  • Change the default settings of MariaDB Server while it's running to make the server work better for your needs
  • Turn on and off server logs and use them to check the status and performance of MariaDB Server

Deployment

Supported Operating Systems

Operating System ES10.6 ES10.5 ES10.4 ES10.3
RHEL8 (x86_64 / ARM64) Yes Yes Yes Yes
RHEL7 (x86_64) Yes Yes Yes Yes
CentOS 7 (x86_64) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ubuntu 20.04 (x86_64 / ARM64) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ubuntu 18.04 (x86_64 / ARM64) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Debian 11 (x86_64 / ARM64) Yes Yes No No
Debian 10 (x86_64 / ARM64) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Debian 9 (x86_64 / ARM64) Yes Yes Yes Yes
SLES15 (x86_64 / ARM64) Yes Yes Yes Yes
SLES12 (x86_64) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Windows (x86_64) Yes Yes Yes Yes

Installation Methods and Packages

Installation Tools

  • Built and tested by experts
  • Installer (e.g., yum)
  • Use up-to-date versions

Distribution Packages

  • (rpm, deb, pkg, dmg)
  • Easy and quick to install
  • Need to configure manually
  • Possibly old versions

Docker

  • Docker registry
  • Easy Docker installs
  • Maintained by MariaDB

The recommended way to install MariaDB is via MariaDB's repository in conjunction with your distribution's package manager.

Installing with Packages

Package Managers
Automatically places binaries, configuration and other files in correct locations

Configuration File
Add any system configuration items you require to the .cnf file

Maintained by MariaDB
Official package repositories are available on our website

Starting and Stopping the Server

$ systemctl [start|stop|restart|status] mariadb

Configure start and stop timeouts by creating a timeout.conf file

$ vi /etc/systemd/system/mariadb.service.d/timeout.conf

[Service]
TimeoutStartSec=30min
TimeoutStopSec=30min

Reload the systemd daemon

$ systemctl daemon-reload
$ systemctl restart mariadb

Verify Your Installation

Run the following command to check installed version:

mariadb --version

When database installed correctly, you should to see output like below

mariadb from 11.8.5-MariaDB, client 15.2 for debian-linux-gnu (x86_64) using  EditLine wrapper

Upgrading MariaDB

What to Consider

  • Review release notes (major and minor version upgrades)

  • Upgrade system tables (mariadb-upgrade)

  • Requires downtime on standalone servers

  • Rolling restart available with MariaDB Cluster

What to Prepare

  • Backup Data

  • Update applications and libraries

  • Use a Test Server

    • MariaDB SkySQL is an easy way to spin up what you need, test and then delete it

  • Use Replication

    • Upgrade the Replica, Promote the Replica and then Upgrade the Primary
      • Made even easier with MariaDB MaxScale

Connectors and Utilities

Connectors

Various Libraries for connecting to MariaDB

  • MariaDB Connector/C
  • MariaDB Connector/C++ *
  • MariaDB Connector/J (JDBC)
  • MariaDB Connector/R2DBC
  • MariaDB Connector/Node.js
  • MariaDB Connector/ODBC *
  • MariaDB Connector/Python *
  • .NET, Perl DBI, PHP, Ruby **

*Wrapper for MariaDB C API, which uses the MariaDB Network Protocol
** Non-native (unsupported) Connectors to use with MariaDB

Client Connections

TCP/IP Connections available on All Platforms (skip_networking disables this)

Socket Files available on Unix Platforms (fastest choice)

Named Pipe (named_pipe) and Shared Memory (shared_memory) available on Windows

MariaDB Connections require few resources and are easy to open

Most use External Connection Pools (not needed usually)

Set Global Client Connection Limit (max_connections=n)

MariaDB Client - Command-line Tool

  • Shell or SSH
  • Manually Execute any SQL statement
  • Display MariaDB settings and status counters
  • Use as an Interactive Session, or Pipe SQL via Shell
$ mariadb --user root -p
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW DATABASES;
$ mariadb -p -u user_name --execute "SHOW DATABASES"
$ mariadb -e "CREATE DATABASE world"
$ mariadb world < /path/to/world.sql

MariaDB-admin - Command-line Tool

  • Shell or SSH
  • Manage User Accounts, Passwords, Permissions
  • Display MariaDB settings and status counters
  • View and Kill Active Connections
  • Ping or Shutdown mysqld
  • Create and Drop Databases
$ mariadb-admin processlist
$ mariadb-admin kill 12345678
$ mariadb-admin -u root -p create ragnar
$ mariadb-admin extended-status
$ mariadb-admin variables
$ mariadb-admin ping
$ mariadb-admin status
$ mariadb-admin shutdown

Other Client Utilities

Name Description
mariadb-backup Open source tool provided by MariaDB for performing physical online backups of InnoDB and Aria tables. For InnoDB "hot online" backups are possible.
mariadb-binlog Processes binary logs and relay logs. Used to read the binary log file, and is often used in restoring data to a particular point in time.
mariadb-check Checks, repairs, analyzes and optimizes tables.
mariadb-dump Backup tool that allows a logical dump of SQL data or schema from your database.
mariadb-secure-installation Tool that enables you to improve the security of your MariaDB installation in various ways. You should run this after every installation of MariaDB server.
mariadb-upgrade Tool that checks and updates your tables to the latest version.
mariadb-slap Tool for load-testing MariaDB.
sysbench Another benchmarking tool that provides benchmarking capabilities for Linux. It supports testing CPU, memory, file I/O, mutex performance.
my_print_defaults Useful in displaying the default settings that are given to the MariaDB daemon at startup, either manually or from the configuration file. Execute this from the command line followed by the --mysqld option.

Some Command Line Tools

Name Description
mariadb-tzinfo-to-sql Use to load time zones on systems that have a zoneinfo database to load the time zone tables into the mysql database.
mariadb-install-db Initializes the MariaDB data directory and creates the system tables in the mysql database.
mariadb-show Shows the structure of a MariaDB database (databases, tables, columns and indexes).
mariadb-dump Tool for examining the slow query log.
mariadb-dumpslow Tool that enables you to improve the security of your MariaDB installation in various ways. This should be run after every installation of MariaDB server.
innochecksum printing checksums for InnoDB files.
aria_chk checks, repairs, optimizes, sorts and gets information about Aria tables.
aria_pack Tool for compressing Aria tables.
aria_read_log Tool for displaying and applying log records from an Aria transaction log.

Graphical User Interface Tools

  • Can Connect via SSL or SSH tunnel
  • Schema and Query Construction
  • Optimization and Profiling
  • User Account Management
  • Task and Backup Scheduling
  • Data Migration and Cleaning
  • Schema Sync and Diff Tools
  • Notifications

Windows

  • HeidiSQL
  • DBeaver
  • SQLyog
  • Toad

Mac and Linux

  • DBeaver
  • Sequel Ace
  • Querious

Configuration and Variables

Configuration File Locations

Linux

  • /etc/my.cnf
  • /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-enterprise.cnf
  • /etc/my.cnf.d/server.cnf
  • $MYSQL_HOME/my.cnf
  • [datadir]/my.cnf
  • ~/.my.cnf (clients)
  • /etc/my.cnf.d/*.cnf
  • --defaults-extra-file

Windows

  • C:\Windows\my.ini
  • C:\Windows\my.cnf
  • C:\my.ini
  • INSTALLDIR\my.ini
  • INSTALLDIR\my.cnf
  • INSTALLDIR\data\my.ini
  • INSTALLDIR\data\my.cnf
  • --defaults-extra-file

Server Defaults

Finding Defaults

$ mariadbd --print-defaults

mariadbd would have been started with the following arguments:

  • --datadir=/data/mariadb
  • --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
  • --user=mysql
  • --symbolic_links=0
  • --local_infile=0

Configuration File (server.cnf)

[server]

[mysqld]

[galera]

[embedded]

[mariadb]
datadir=/data/mariadb
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
user=mysql
symbolic_links=0
local_infile=0

[mariadb-10.6]

Setting the InnoDB Buffer Pool Size

The size of the buffer pool is the most important tunable for the InnoDB storage engine

The buffer pool size is determined by the innodb_buffer_pool_size

innodb_buffer_pool_size = 134217728

innodb_buffer_pool_chunk_size = 134217728

innodb_buffer_pool_dump_at_shutdown = ON

innodb_buffer_pool_load_at_startup = ON

innodb_buffer_pool_filename = ib_buffer_pool

Global and Status Variables

Global Variables

  • Global Variables are System Wide

  • Set in configuration file at start

  • Can be fetched with SHOW statement

    -- list of all global variables
SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES;

-- get variable by name
SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES WHERE Variable_name = '<valiabe_name>';

-- get variables by mask
SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb%';

  • Can be changed with SET statement

    SET GLOBAL tmp_table_size = 32*1024*1024;

    Only user accounts with the SUPER privilege can dynamically change global system variables.

Global Status Variables

  • SHOW GLOBAL STATUS provides Counters and Thresholds of Internal Statistics

    -- get all status variables with values
SHOW GLOBAL STATUS;

-- get status variable by name 
SHOW GLOBAL STATUS WHERE Variable_name = 'Opened_tables';

-- get status variable by maask 
SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE '%innodb_buffer_pool%';

  • Check Status Variables to Decide on Adjustments to Global Variables

Session Variables

Global Variable Values are Defaults for New Sessions

SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE '%character_set_client%';
+----------------------+--------+
| Variable_name        | Value  |
+----------------------+--------+
| character_set_client | latin1 |
+----------------------+--------+

Session Variables are Values for Current Session

SHOW SESSION VARIABLES LIKE '%character_set_client%';
+----------------------+-------+
| Variable_name        | Value |
+----------------------+-------+
| character_set_client | greek |
+----------------------+-------+

Log Files

MariaDB Logs

  • ERROR LOG
  • GENERAL QUERY LOG
  • SQL ERROR LOG
  • SLOW QUERY LOG
  • BINARY LOG
  • AUDIT LOG

Error Log

  • Required for the server to operate
  • Contains startup, shutdown, and error messages
  • Unix uses stderr and sends to host_name.err in datadir
  • Systems that use systemd redirect to the syslog by default
  • Windows uses host_name.err in the datadir, or System Event Log
[mariadb]
log_error = /path/to/error_log_file_name
log_warnings = 1

Excerpt from server.cnf, my.cnf or my.ini configuration file

Set log_warnings to 2 for verbose mode

General Query Log

  • Logs all queries received from all clients, even queries with syntax errors
  • Order Received - Not Executed
  • Potential Problems with Log
    • Possible disk I/O bottleneck on high-traffic servers
    • Log can quickly become huge
    • Contains queries in plain text so make sure to secure the logs as you would the data in the database
    • Reduces performance by up to 20%
[mariadb]
general_log
general_log_file='/path/to/host.log'

Excerpt from server.cnf, my.cnf or my.ini configuration file

SQL Error Log

  • Logs SQL errors
    • Records error messages with SQL statement
    • Saves username and host for SQL statement
  • Used for Detecting SQL Injections
  • Logs User, Host, and Time
  • Dynamically loadable
INSTALL PLUGIN sql_error_log SONAME 'sql_errlog';

Requires INSERT privilege for mysql.plugin table

Slow Query Log

  • Queries that take more seconds to execute than long_query_time
  • Contains queries in plain text (security risk!)
  • Useful when testing an application or new database
[mariadb]
slow_query_log = 1
slow_query_log_file = /path/to/mariadb-slow.log
long_query_time = 2.0
# log_queries_not_using_indexes
log_slow_admin_statements=1
log_slow_disabled_statements='admin,call,slave,sp'

Managing Log Files

Regularly Rotate Logs File

  • Manually move Existing Log Files and then Flush Logs
FLUSH LOGS;
$ mariadb-admin flush-logs

An alternative method from the command-line

Backups

  • Include Logs in Backups
  • Synchronise Binary Logs with Backups

Error Log

  • Move the log file, then FLUSH LOGS to recreate
  • Deleted file may still be opened by server

Linux logrotate Utility

  • Automatic log rotation
  • Various conditions can be set for log files (size, time frame)

Lesson Summary

  • List the steps to deploy MariaDB Server using distribution packages
  • Explain the benefits and challenges of upgrading MariaDB Server, and list the steps you need to take before and after the upgrade
  • Know which tools and client utilities to use to perform common tasks such as managing users accounts and permissions, benchmarking, and backing up and restoring data
  • Change the default settings of MariaDB Server while it's running to make the server work better for your needs
  • Turn on and off server logs and use them to check the status and performance of MariaDB Server
⚡