Move qiskit-tutorials into this repository (#10710)

https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit-tutorials has been archived because the
docs are now built in this repository and we want to simplify our docs
infrastructure.

This PR merges the qiskit-tutorials repository here for the relevant
tutorials, preserving its Git history. It uses `git-filter-repo` to
tweak the Git history of `qiskit-tutorials` to be consumable in this
repository, such as changing of `tutorials/` to be `docs/tutorials`. It
also prunes irrelevant commits since we only copy over the tutorials
that are currently in use and we ignore files like README.md that aren't
copied over.

See
[tutorials_migration.zip](https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit/files/12442282/tutorials_migration.zip)
for how the migration was generated; credit to @jakelishman for the
original script used in #10611.
Then, I used `git merge --allow-unrelated-histories
qiskit-tutorials/master`, with the remote `qiskit-tutorials` pointed at
the prepared local repository.

The merge was clean. This PR adds two commits on tip:

* Removes the `prepare_tutorials.bash` script and placeholder tutorials
that were used to download the tutorials from `qiskit-tutorials`
dynamically. No need now that they live in the same repository.
* Updates the tutorials with the most recently executed versions from
CI.

Author: mtreinish

.azure/tutorials-linux.yml

@@ -19,10 +19,6 @@ jobs:
       - bash: tools/install_ubuntu_docs_dependencies.sh
         displayName: 'Install dependencies'
 
-      # Sync with '.github/workflows/docs_deploy.yml'
-      - bash: tools/prepare_tutorials.bash circuits circuits_advanced operators
-        displayName: 'Download current tutorials'
-
       - bash: tox -e tutorials
         displayName: "Execute tutorials"
         env:

.github/workflows/docs_deploy.yml

@@ -53,11 +53,6 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: tools/install_ubuntu_docs_dependencies.sh
 
-      # Sync with '.azure/tutorials-linux.yml'.
-      - name: Download current tutorials
-        run: tools/prepare_tutorials.bash circuits circuits_advanced operators
-        shell: bash
-
       # This is just to have tox create the environment, so we can use it to execute the tutorials.
       # We want to re-use it later for the build, hence 'tox run --notest' instead of 'tox devenv'.
       - name: Prepare Python environment