[SPARK-55394][PYTHON][INFRA] Upgrade Python 3.10 test image to Ubuntu 24.04

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?
Upgrade Python 3.10 test image to Ubuntu 24.04

### Why are the changes needed?
to test with a newer os version

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?
no, infra-only

### How was this patch tested?
PR builder with
```
default: '{"PYSPARK_IMAGE_TO_TEST": "python-310", "PYTHON_TO_TEST": "python3.10"}'
```
https://github.com/zhengruifeng/spark/actions/runs/21751601990/job/62751479813

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?
No

Closes #54177 from zhengruifeng/ubuntu_24_py_10.

Authored-by: Ruifeng Zheng <ruifengz@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: Ruifeng Zheng <ruifengz@apache.org>

Author: zhengruifeng

dev/spark-test-image/python-310/Dockerfile

@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 #
 
-# Image for building and testing Spark branches. Based on Ubuntu 22.04.
+# Image for building and testing Spark branches. Based on Ubuntu 24.04.
 # See also in https://hub.docker.com/_/ubuntu
-FROM ubuntu:jammy-20240911.1
+FROM ubuntu:noble
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.authors="Apache Spark project <dev@spark.apache.org>"
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.licenses="Apache-2.0"
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.ref.name="Apache Spark Infra Image For PySpark with Python 3.10"
 # Overwrite this label to avoid exposing the underlying Ubuntu OS version label
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.version=""
 
-ENV FULL_REFRESH_DATE=20260203
+ENV FULL_REFRESH_DATE=20260206
 
 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
 ENV DEBCONF_NONINTERACTIVE_SEEN=true
@@ -45,25 +45,29 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
     libxml2-dev \
     openjdk-17-jdk-headless \
     pkg-config \
-    python3.10 \
-    python3-psutil \
-    qpdf \
     tzdata \
-    wget \
-    zlib1g-dev \
+    software-properties-common \
+    zlib1g-dev
+
+# Install Python 3.10
+RUN add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
+    python3.10 \
     && apt-get autoremove --purge -y \
     && apt-get clean \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
+# Setup virtual environment
+ENV VIRTUAL_ENV=/opt/spark-venv
+RUN python3.10 -m venv --without-pip $VIRTUAL_ENV
+ENV PATH="$VIRTUAL_ENV/bin:$PATH"
+
+# Install Python 3.10 packages
+RUN curl -sS https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python3.10
 
 ARG BASIC_PIP_PKGS="numpy pyarrow>=22.0.0 six==1.16.0 pandas==2.3.3 scipy plotly<6.0.0 mlflow>=2.8.1 coverage matplotlib openpyxl memory-profiler>=0.61.0 scikit-learn>=1.3.2 pystack>=1.6.0 psutil"
-# Python deps for Spark Connect
 ARG CONNECT_PIP_PKGS="grpcio==1.76.0 grpcio-status==1.76.0 protobuf==6.33.5 googleapis-common-protos==1.71.0 zstandard==0.25.0 graphviz==0.20.3"
 
-# Install Python 3.10 packages
-RUN curl -sS https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python3.10
-RUN python3.10 -m pip install --ignore-installed 'blinker>=1.6.2' # mlflow needs this
-RUN python3.10 -m pip install --ignore-installed 'six==1.16.0'  # Avoid `python3-six` installation
 RUN python3.10 -m pip install $BASIC_PIP_PKGS unittest-xml-reporting $CONNECT_PIP_PKGS && \
     python3.10 -m pip install torch torchvision --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu && \
     python3.10 -m pip install deepspeed torcheval && \