[red-knot] add regression test for fixed cycle panic (#17535)

Add a regression test for the cycle documented in
#14767, which no longer panics
(or even causes a cycle at all.)

Fixes #14767

Author: carljm

crates/red_knot_project/resources/test/corpus/self_referential_function_annotation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+def foo(a: foo()):
+    pass