diff --git a/CHANGELOG-WIP.md b/CHANGELOG-WIP.md
index d51f6bd0ab..19a3a847a7 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG-WIP.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG-WIP.md
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # WIP Release notes for Commerce 5.6
 
+- Cart controller actions that accept an explicit cart number are now rate limited to mitigate enumeration attacks.
+- Cart numbers are now generated using a cryptographically secure random number generator.
 - Fixed a bug where Variant with empty SKUs didn't show a validation error when saving a product after it was duplicated. ([#4197](https://github.com/craftcms/commerce/issues/4197))
 - Shipping rule categories are now eager loaded on shipping rules automatically. ([#4220](https://github.com/craftcms/commerce/issues/4220))
 - Added `craft\commerce\services\ShippingRuleCategories::getShippingRuleCategoriesByRuleIds()`.
diff --git a/src/controllers/CartController.php b/src/controllers/CartController.php
index 43aaf18298..61c3640a21 100644
--- a/src/controllers/CartController.php
+++ b/src/controllers/CartController.php
@@ -19,10 +19,13 @@
 use craft\elements\User;
 use craft\errors\ElementNotFoundException;
 use craft\errors\MissingComponentException;
-use craft\helpers\Json;
 use craft\helpers\StringHelper;
 use craft\helpers\UrlHelper;
 use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
+use thamtech\ratelimiter\Context;
+use thamtech\ratelimiter\handlers\TooManyRequestsHttpExceptionHandler;
+use thamtech\ratelimiter\limit\RateLimit;
+use thamtech\ratelimiter\RateLimiter;
 use Throwable;
 use yii\base\Exception;
 use yii\base\InvalidConfigException;
@@ -76,6 +79,43 @@ public function init(): void
         parent::init();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @inheritdoc
+     */
+    public function behaviors(): array
+    {
+        return parent::behaviors() + [
+            'rateLimiter' => [
+                'class' => RateLimiter::class,
+                'only' => ['get-cart', 'update-cart', 'load-cart', 'complete'],
+                'components' => [
+                    'rateLimit' => [
+                        'definitions' => [
+                            'cart-by-number' => [
+                                'class' => RateLimit::class,
+                                'limit' => 1,
+                                'window' => 1,
+                                // Only apply rate limiting when a cart number is explicitly passed
+                                'active' => function(Context $context, $rateLimitId) {
+                                    return $context->request->getBodyParam('number') || $context->request->getQueryParam('number');
+                                },
+                                'identifier' => fn(Context $context, $rateLimitId) => sprintf(
+                                    '%s:%s',
+                                    $rateLimitId,
+                                    $context->request->getUserIP(),
+                                ),
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                    'allowanceStorage' => [
+                        'cache' => 'cache',
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'as tooManyRequestsException' => TooManyRequestsHttpExceptionHandler::class,
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns the cart as JSON
      *
diff --git a/src/services/Carts.php b/src/services/Carts.php
index cde1ccd525..76a3a576be 100644
--- a/src/services/Carts.php
+++ b/src/services/Carts.php
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ public function forgetCart(): void
      */
     public function generateCartNumber(): string
     {
-        return md5(uniqid((string)mt_rand(), true));
+        return bin2hex(random_bytes(16));
     }
 
     /**