Add affine-cipher

Author: glennj

config.json

@@ -618,6 +618,14 @@
         "prerequisites": [],
         "difficulty": 4
       },
+      {
+        "slug": "affine-cipher",
+        "name": "Affine Cipher",
+        "uuid": "b9d2eda3-0e01-4f08-b8e3-b5fd19759d5e",
+        "practices": [],
+        "prerequisites": [],
+        "difficulty": 5
+      },
       {
         "slug": "binary-search-tree",
         "name": "Binary Search Tree",

exercises/practice/affine-cipher/.busted

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+return {
+  default = {
+    ROOT = { '.' }
+  }
+}

exercises/practice/affine-cipher/.docs/instructions.md

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# Instructions
+
+Create an implementation of the affine cipher, an ancient encryption system created in the Middle East.
+
+The affine cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher.
+Each character is mapped to its numeric equivalent, encrypted with a mathematical function and then converted to the letter relating to its new numeric value.
+Although all monoalphabetic ciphers are weak, the affine cipher is much stronger than the Atbash cipher, because it has many more keys.
+
+[//]: # " monoalphabetic as spelled by Merriam-Webster, compare to polyalphabetic "
+
+## Encryption
+
+The encryption function is:
+
+```text
+E(x) = (ai + b) mod m
+```
+
+Where:
+
+- `i` is the letter's index from `0` to the length of the alphabet - 1.
+- `m` is the length of the alphabet.
+  For the Latin alphabet `m` is `26`.
+- `a` and `b` are integers which make up the encryption key.
+
+Values `a` and `m` must be _coprime_ (or, _relatively prime_) for automatic decryption to succeed, i.e., they have number `1` as their only common factor (more information can be found in the [Wikipedia article about coprime integers][coprime-integers]).
+In case `a` is not coprime to `m`, your program should indicate that this is an error.
+Otherwise it should encrypt or decrypt with the provided key.
+
+For the purpose of this exercise, digits are valid input but they are not encrypted.
+Spaces and punctuation characters are excluded.
+Ciphertext is written out in groups of fixed length separated by space, the traditional group size being `5` letters.
+This is to make it harder to guess encrypted text based on word boundaries.
+
+## Decryption
+
+The decryption function is:
+
+```text
+D(y) = (a^-1)(y - b) mod m
+```
+
+Where:
+
+- `y` is the numeric value of an encrypted letter, i.e., `y = E(x)`
+- it is important to note that `a^-1` is the modular multiplicative inverse (MMI) of `a mod m`
+- the modular multiplicative inverse only exists if `a` and `m` are coprime.
+
+The MMI of `a` is `x` such that the remainder after dividing `ax` by `m` is `1`:
+
+```text
+ax mod m = 1
+```
+
+More information regarding how to find a Modular Multiplicative Inverse and what it means can be found in the [related Wikipedia article][mmi].
+
+## General Examples
+
+- Encrypting `"test"` gives `"ybty"` with the key `a = 5`, `b = 7`
+- Decrypting `"ybty"` gives `"test"` with the key `a = 5`, `b = 7`
+- Decrypting `"ybty"` gives `"lqul"` with the wrong key `a = 11`, `b = 7`
+- Decrypting `"kqlfd jzvgy tpaet icdhm rtwly kqlon ubstx"` gives `"thequickbrownfoxjumpsoverthelazydog"` with the key `a = 19`, `b = 13`
+- Encrypting `"test"` with the key `a = 18`, `b = 13` is an error because `18` and `26` are not coprime
+
+## Example of finding a Modular Multiplicative Inverse (MMI)
+
+Finding MMI for `a = 15`:
+
+- `(15 * x) mod 26 = 1`
+- `(15 * 7) mod 26 = 1`, ie. `105 mod 26 = 1`
+- `7` is the MMI of `15 mod 26`
+
+[mmi]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_multiplicative_inverse
+[coprime-integers]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprime_integers

exercises/practice/affine-cipher/.meta/config.json

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "authors": [
+    "glennj"
+  ],
+  "files": {
+    "solution": [
+      "affine_cipher.moon"
+    ],
+    "test": [
+      "affine_cipher_spec.moon"
+    ],
+    "example": [
+      ".meta/example.moon"
+    ]
+  },
+  "blurb": "Create an implementation of the Affine cipher, an ancient encryption algorithm from the Middle East.",
+  "source": "Wikipedia",
+  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_cipher"
+}

exercises/practice/affine-cipher/.meta/example.moon

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+M = 26  -- size of alphabet
+
+gcd = (a, b) ->
+  while b != 0
+    a, b = b, a % b
+  a
+
+mmi = (a, m) ->
+  for x = 1, m
+    return x if (a * x) % m == 1
+  error 'should not happen: cannot determine MMI of #{a} and #{m}'
+
+ord = (letter) -> letter\byte!
+chr = (number) -> string.char number
+A = ord 'a'
+
+validate = (a) ->
+  assert gcd(a, M) == 1, 'a and m must be coprime.'
+
+add_spaces = (str, n = 5) ->
+  str\gsub('.'\rep(n), '%0 ')\gsub(' $', '')
+
+encipher = (text, func) ->
+  encipherer = (c) -> c\match('%d') and c or chr(A + func(ord(c) - A))
+  table.concat [encipherer c for c in text\lower!\gmatch '%w']
+
+
+{
+  encode: (phrase, key) ->
+    validate key.a
+    encoder = (x) -> (key.a * x + key.b) % M
+    add_spaces encipher(phrase, encoder)
+
+  decode: (phrase, key) ->
+    validate key.a
+    a_prime = mmi key.a, M
+    decoder = (y) -> (a_prime * (y - key.b)) % M
+    encipher(phrase, decoder)
+}

exercises/practice/affine-cipher/.meta/spec_generator.moon

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  module_imports: {'encode', 'decode'},
+
+  generate_test: (case, level) ->
+    local lines
+    if type(case.expected) == 'string'
+      lines = {
+        "result = #{case.property} #{quote case.input.phrase}, {a: #{case.input.key.a}, b: #{case.input.key.b}}",
+        "expected = #{quote case.expected}",
+        "assert.are.equal expected, result"
+      }
+    else
+      lines = {
+        "f = -> #{case.property} #{quote case.input.phrase}, {a: #{case.input.key.a}, b: #{case.input.key.b}}",
+        "assert.has.error f, #{quote case.expected.error}"
+      }
+    table.concat [indent line, level for line in *lines], '\n'
+}

exercises/practice/affine-cipher/.meta/tests.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# This is an auto-generated file.
+#
+# Regenerating this file via `configlet sync` will:
+# - Recreate every `description` key/value pair
+# - Recreate every `reimplements` key/value pair, where they exist in problem-specifications
+# - Remove any `include = true` key/value pair (an omitted `include` key implies inclusion)
+# - Preserve any other key/value pair
+#
+# As user-added comments (using the # character) will be removed when this file
+# is regenerated, comments can be added via a `comment` key.
+
+[2ee1d9af-1c43-416c-b41b-cefd7d4d2b2a]
+description = "encode -> encode yes"
+
+[785bade9-e98b-4d4f-a5b0-087ba3d7de4b]
+description = "encode -> encode no"
+
+[2854851c-48fb-40d8-9bf6-8f192ed25054]
+description = "encode -> encode OMG"
+
+[bc0c1244-b544-49dd-9777-13a770be1bad]
+description = "encode -> encode O M G"
+
+[381a1a20-b74a-46ce-9277-3778625c9e27]
+description = "encode -> encode mindblowingly"
+
+[6686f4e2-753b-47d4-9715-876fdc59029d]
+description = "encode -> encode numbers"
+
+[ae23d5bd-30a8-44b6-afbe-23c8c0c7faa3]
+description = "encode -> encode deep thought"
+
+[c93a8a4d-426c-42ef-9610-76ded6f7ef57]
+description = "encode -> encode all the letters"
+
+[0673638a-4375-40bd-871c-fb6a2c28effb]
+description = "encode -> encode with a not coprime to m"
+
+[3f0ac7e2-ec0e-4a79-949e-95e414953438]
+description = "decode -> decode exercism"
+
+[241ee64d-5a47-4092-a5d7-7939d259e077]
+description = "decode -> decode a sentence"
+
+[33fb16a1-765a-496f-907f-12e644837f5e]
+description = "decode -> decode numbers"
+
+[20bc9dce-c5ec-4db6-a3f1-845c776bcbf7]
+description = "decode -> decode all the letters"
+
+[623e78c0-922d-49c5-8702-227a3e8eaf81]
+description = "decode -> decode with no spaces in input"
+
+[58fd5c2a-1fd9-4563-a80a-71cff200f26f]
+description = "decode -> decode with too many spaces"
+
+[b004626f-c186-4af9-a3f4-58f74cdb86d5]
+description = "decode -> decode with a not coprime to m"

exercises/practice/affine-cipher/affine_cipher.moon

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  encode: (phrase, key) ->
+    error 'Implement the encode function'
+
+  decode: (phrase, key) ->
+    error 'Implement the decode function'
+}

exercises/practice/affine-cipher/affine_cipher_spec.moon

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import encode, decode from require 'affine_cipher'
+
+describe 'affine-cipher', ->
+  describe 'encode', ->
+    it 'encode yes', ->
+      result = encode 'yes', {a: 5, b: 7}
+      expected = 'xbt'
+      assert.are.equal expected, result
+
+    pending 'encode no', ->
+      result = encode 'no', {a: 15, b: 18}
+      expected = 'fu'
+      assert.are.equal expected, result
+
+    pending 'encode OMG', ->
+      result = encode 'OMG', {a: 21, b: 3}
+      expected = 'lvz'
+      assert.are.equal expected, result
+
+    pending 'encode O M G', ->
+      result = encode 'O M G', {a: 25, b: 47}
+      expected = 'hjp'
+      assert.are.equal expected, result
+
+    pending 'encode mindblowingly', ->
+      result = encode 'mindblowingly', {a: 11, b: 15}
+      expected = 'rzcwa gnxzc dgt'
+      assert.are.equal expected, result
+
+    pending 'encode numbers', ->
+      result = encode 'Testing,1 2 3, testing.', {a: 3, b: 4}
+      expected = 'jqgjc rw123 jqgjc rw'
+      assert.are.equal expected, result
+
+    pending 'encode deep thought', ->
+      result = encode 'Truth is fiction.', {a: 5, b: 17}
+      expected = 'iynia fdqfb ifje'
+      assert.are.equal expected, result
+
+    pending 'encode all the letters', ->
+      result = encode 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.', {a: 17, b: 33}
+      expected = 'swxtj npvyk lruol iejdc blaxk swxmh qzglf'
+      assert.are.equal expected, result
+
+    pending 'encode with a not coprime to m', ->
+      f = -> encode 'This is a test.', {a: 6, b: 17}
+      assert.has.error f, 'a and m must be coprime.'
+
+  describe 'decode', ->
+    pending 'decode exercism', ->
+      result = decode 'tytgn fjr', {a: 3, b: 7}
+      expected = 'exercism'
+      assert.are.equal expected, result
+
+    pending 'decode a sentence', ->
+      result = decode 'qdwju nqcro muwhn odqun oppmd aunwd o', {a: 19, b: 16}
+      expected = 'anobstacleisoftenasteppingstone'
+      assert.are.equal expected, result
+
+    pending 'decode numbers', ->
+      result = decode 'odpoz ub123 odpoz ub', {a: 25, b: 7}
+      expected = 'testing123testing'
+      assert.are.equal expected, result
+
+    pending 'decode all the letters', ->
+      result = decode 'swxtj npvyk lruol iejdc blaxk swxmh qzglf', {a: 17, b: 33}
+      expected = 'thequickbrownfoxjumpsoverthelazydog'
+      assert.are.equal expected, result
+
+    pending 'decode with no spaces in input', ->
+      result = decode 'swxtjnpvyklruoliejdcblaxkswxmhqzglf', {a: 17, b: 33}
+      expected = 'thequickbrownfoxjumpsoverthelazydog'
+      assert.are.equal expected, result
+
+    pending 'decode with too many spaces', ->
+      result = decode 'vszzm    cly   yd cg    qdp', {a: 15, b: 16}
+      expected = 'jollygreengiant'
+      assert.are.equal expected, result
+
+    pending 'decode with a not coprime to m', ->
+      f = -> decode 'Test', {a: 13, b: 5}
+      assert.has.error f, 'a and m must be coprime.'