[SPARK-55412][PYTHON][INFRA] Upgrade Python 3.14 no gil test image to Ubuntu 24.04

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?
Upgrade Python 3.14 no gil test image to Ubuntu 24.04

### Why are the changes needed?
to test against newer os

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?
infra-only

### How was this patch tested?
PR builder with
```
default: '{"PYSPARK_IMAGE_TO_TEST": "python-314-nogil", "PYTHON_TO_TEST": "python3.14t", "PYTHON_GIL": "0"}'

```

https://github.com/zhengruifeng/spark/actions/runs/21777984261/job/62837799728

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?
no

Closes apache#54199 from zhengruifeng/u24_314t.

Authored-by: Ruifeng Zheng <ruifengz@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: Ruifeng Zheng <ruifengz@apache.org>

Author: zhengruifeng

dev/spark-test-image/python-314-nogil/Dockerfile

@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 #
 
-# Image for building and testing Spark branches. Based on Ubuntu 22.04.
+# Image for building and testing Spark branches. Based on Ubuntu 24.04.
 # See also in https://hub.docker.com/_/ubuntu
-FROM ubuntu:jammy-20240911.1
+FROM ubuntu:noble
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.authors="Apache Spark project <dev@spark.apache.org>"
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.licenses="Apache-2.0"
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.ref.name="Apache Spark Infra Image For PySpark with Python 3.13 (no GIL)"
 # Overwrite this label to avoid exposing the underlying Ubuntu OS version label
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.version=""
 
-ENV FULL_REFRESH_DATE=20260203
+ENV FULL_REFRESH_DATE=20260206
 
 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
 ENV DEBCONF_NONINTERACTIVE_SEEN=true
@@ -54,15 +54,15 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
     && apt-get clean \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
-
-ARG BASIC_PIP_PKGS="numpy pyarrow>=22.0.0 six==1.16.0 pandas==2.3.3 scipy plotly<6.0.0 mlflow>=2.8.1 coverage matplotlib openpyxl memory-profiler>=0.61.0 scikit-learn>=1.3.2"
-ARG CONNECT_PIP_PKGS="grpcio==1.76.0 grpcio-status==1.76.0 protobuf==6.33.5 googleapis-common-protos==1.71.0 zstandard==0.25.0 graphviz==0.20.3"
-
+# Setup virtual environment
+ENV VIRTUAL_ENV=/opt/spark-venv
+RUN python3.14t -m venv --without-pip $VIRTUAL_ENV
+ENV PATH="$VIRTUAL_ENV/bin:$PATH"
 
 # Install Python 3.14 packages
 RUN curl -sS https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python3.14t
+
 # TODO: Add BASIC_PIP_PKGS and CONNECT_PIP_PKGS when it supports Python 3.14 free threaded
 # TODO: Add lxml, grpcio, grpcio-status back when they support Python 3.14 free threaded
-RUN python3.14t -m pip install --ignore-installed 'blinker>=1.6.2' # mlflow needs this
 RUN python3.14t -m pip install 'numpy>=2.1' 'pyarrow>=19.0.0' 'six==1.16.0' 'pandas==2.3.3' 'pystack>=1.6.0' scipy coverage matplotlib openpyxl jinja2 psutil && \
     python3.14t -m pip cache purge