[SPARK-55437][INFRA][R] Upgrade SparkR test image to Ubuntu 24.04

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?
Upgrade SparkR test image to Ubuntu 24.04

### Why are the changes needed?
test against newer os version

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?
no, infra-only

### How was this patch tested?
ci

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?
no

Closes apache#54221 from zhengruifeng/u24_r.

Authored-by: Ruifeng Zheng <ruifengz@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: Ruifeng Zheng <ruifengz@apache.org>

Author: zhengruifeng

dev/spark-test-image/sparkr/Dockerfile

@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 #
 
-# Image for building and testing Spark branches. Based on Ubuntu 22.04.
+# Image for building and testing Spark branches. Based on Ubuntu 24.04.
 # See also in https://hub.docker.com/_/ubuntu
-FROM ubuntu:jammy-20240911.1
+FROM ubuntu:noble
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.authors="Apache Spark project <dev@spark.apache.org>"
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.licenses="Apache-2.0"
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.ref.name="Apache Spark Infra Image for SparkR"
 # Overwrite this label to avoid exposing the underlying Ubuntu OS version label
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.version=""
 
-ENV FULL_REFRESH_DATE=20241114
+ENV FULL_REFRESH_DATE=20260212
 
 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
 ENV DEBCONF_NONINTERACTIVE_SEEN=true