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advanced/faq/index.html

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@@ -1138,6 +1138,7 @@ <h2 id="how-do-i-normalize-an-album-while-preserving-relative-loudness-between-t
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<li>Target: -20 dB</li>
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<li>Result: +6 dB applied to all tracks equally</li>
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</ul>
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<p>See more details and best practices in the <a href="../../usage/examples/#albumbatch-normalization">examples section</a>.</p>
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<h2 id="why-are-my-output-files-mkv">Why are my output files MKV?</h2>
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<p>I chose MKV as a default output container since it handles almost every possible combination of audio, video, and subtitle codecs. If you know which audio/video codec you want, and which container is supported, use the output options to specify the encoder and output file name manually.</p>
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<h2 id="i-get-a-could-not-write-header-for-output-file-error">I get a "Could not write header for output file" error</h2>

search/search_index.json

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usage/examples/index.html

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@@ -1268,36 +1268,39 @@ <h3 id="albumbatch-normalization">Album/Batch Normalization</h3>
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</ul>
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<p><strong>What about clipping?</strong></p>
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<p>When using RMS batch normalization, the same gain adjustment is applied to all tracks. This means some tracks might clip if they have higher peaks than average.</p>
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<p>For example:
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- Album average RMS: -26 dB
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- Target RMS: -20 dB
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- Adjustment needed: +6 dB (applied to all tracks)
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- Track A has peak at -1 dB → after +6 dB = <strong>+5 dB</strong> → ⚠️ Clipping!
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- Track B has peak at -8 dB → after +6 dB = -2 dB → ✅ No clipping</p>
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<p>The program will <strong>warn you</strong> for each track that will clip:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>WARNING: Adjusting will lead to clipping of 5.0 dB
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</code></pre></div></p>
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<p><strong>How to avoid clipping:</strong></p>
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<p>For example:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Album average RMS: -26 dB</li>
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<li>Target RMS: -20 dB</li>
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<li>Adjustment needed: +6 dB (applied to all tracks)</li>
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<li>Track A has peak at -1 dB → after +6 dB = <strong>+5 dB</strong> → ⚠️ Clipping!</li>
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<li>Track B has peak at -8 dB → after +6 dB = -2 dB → ✅ No clipping</li>
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</ul>
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<p>The program will <strong>warn you</strong> for each track that will clip:</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p><code>WARNING: Adjusting will lead to clipping of 5.0 dB</code></p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>There are different strategies to deal with this:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>Use Peak normalization instead – guarantees no clipping:</li>
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</ol>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>ffmpeg-normalize<span class="w"> </span>album/*.flac<span class="w"> </span>--batch<span class="w"> </span>-nt<span class="w"> </span>peak<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>-1<span class="w"> </span>-c:a<span class="w"> </span>flac
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</code></pre></div>
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<ol>
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<li>Use a more conservative RMS target – leave more headroom:</li>
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</ol>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>ffmpeg-normalize<span class="w"> </span>album/*.flac<span class="w"> </span>--batch<span class="w"> </span>-nt<span class="w"> </span>rms<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>-23<span class="w"> </span>-c:a<span class="w"> </span>flac<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># More conservative</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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<ol>
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<li>
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<p><strong>Use Peak normalization instead</strong> - guarantees no clipping:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>ffmpeg-normalize<span class="w"> </span>album/*.flac<span class="w"> </span>--batch<span class="w"> </span>-nt<span class="w"> </span>peak<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>-1<span class="w"> </span>-c:a<span class="w"> </span>flac
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</code></pre></div></p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><strong>Use a more conservative RMS target</strong> - leave more headroom:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>ffmpeg-normalize<span class="w"> </span>album/*.flac<span class="w"> </span>--batch<span class="w"> </span>-nt<span class="w"> </span>rms<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>-23<span class="w"> </span>-c:a<span class="w"> </span>flac<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># More conservative</span>
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</code></pre></div></p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><strong>Accept minor clipping</strong> - if clipping is &lt; 0.5 dB, it may be inaudible in most cases</p>
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<p>Accept minor clipping – if clipping is &lt; 0.5 dB, it may be inaudible in most cases</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><strong>Pre-process with a limiter</strong> - use <code>--pre-filter</code> to apply limiting before normalization:
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>ffmpeg-normalize<span class="w"> </span>album/*.flac<span class="w"> </span>--batch<span class="w"> </span>-nt<span class="w"> </span>rms<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>-20<span class="w"> </span>-prf<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;alimiter=limit=0.99&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>-c:a<span class="w"> </span>flac
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</code></pre></div></p>
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<p>Pre-process with a limiter – use <code>--pre-filter</code> to apply limiting before normalization:</p>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>ffmpeg-normalize<span class="w"> </span>album/*.flac<span class="w"> </span>--batch<span class="w"> </span>-nt<span class="w"> </span>rms<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>-20<span class="w"> </span>-prf<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;alimiter=limit=0.99&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>-c:a<span class="w"> </span>flac
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</code></pre></div>
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<h2 id="filters">Filters</h2>
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<h3 id="dynamic-normalization">Dynamic normalization</h3>
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<p>You can use pre-filters to modify the audio signal before or after it is normalized, e.g. by using dynamic compression. This smooths out any volume differences in the signal.</p>

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