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<li>Result: +6 dB applied to all tracks equally</li>
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</ul>
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<p>See more details and best practices in the <ahref="../../usage/examples/#albumbatch-normalization">examples section</a>.</p>
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<h2id="why-are-my-output-files-mkv">Why are my output files MKV?</h2>
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<p>I chose MKV as a default output container since it handles almost every possible combination of audio, video, and subtitle codecs. If you know which audio/video codec you want, and which container is supported, use the output options to specify the encoder and output file name manually.</p>
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<h2id="i-get-a-could-not-write-header-for-output-file-error">I get a "Could not write header for output file" error</h2>
<p>When using RMS batch normalization, the same gain adjustment is applied to all tracks. This means some tracks might clip if they have higher peaks than average.</p>
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<p>For example:
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- Album average RMS: -26 dB
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- Target RMS: -20 dB
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- Adjustment needed: +6 dB (applied to all tracks)
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- Track A has peak at -1 dB → after +6 dB = <strong>+5 dB</strong> → ⚠️ Clipping!
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- Track B has peak at -8 dB → after +6 dB = -2 dB → ✅ No clipping</p>
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<p>The program will <strong>warn you</strong> for each track that will clip:
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<divclass="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>WARNING: Adjusting will lead to clipping of 5.0 dB
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</code></pre></div></p>
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<p><strong>How to avoid clipping:</strong></p>
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<p>For example:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Album average RMS: -26 dB</li>
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<li>Target RMS: -20 dB</li>
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<li>Adjustment needed: +6 dB (applied to all tracks)</li>
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<li>Track A has peak at -1 dB → after +6 dB = <strong>+5 dB</strong> → ⚠️ Clipping!</li>
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<li>Track B has peak at -8 dB → after +6 dB = -2 dB → ✅ No clipping</li>
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</ul>
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<p>The program will <strong>warn you</strong> for each track that will clip:</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p><code>WARNING: Adjusting will lead to clipping of 5.0 dB</code></p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>There are different strategies to deal with this:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>Use Peak normalization instead – guarantees no clipping:</li>
<li>Use a more conservative RMS target – leave more headroom:</li>
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</ol>
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<divclass="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>ffmpeg-normalize<spanclass="w"></span>album/*.flac<spanclass="w"></span>--batch<spanclass="w"></span>-nt<spanclass="w"></span>rms<spanclass="w"></span>-t<spanclass="w"></span>-23<spanclass="w"></span>-c:a<spanclass="w"></span>flac<spanclass="w"></span><spanclass="c1"># More conservative</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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<ol>
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<li>
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<p><strong>Use Peak normalization instead</strong> - guarantees no clipping:
<p><strong>Use a more conservative RMS target</strong> - leave more headroom:
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<divclass="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>ffmpeg-normalize<spanclass="w"></span>album/*.flac<spanclass="w"></span>--batch<spanclass="w"></span>-nt<spanclass="w"></span>rms<spanclass="w"></span>-t<spanclass="w"></span>-23<spanclass="w"></span>-c:a<spanclass="w"></span>flac<spanclass="w"></span><spanclass="c1"># More conservative</span>
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</code></pre></div></p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><strong>Accept minor clipping</strong> - if clipping is < 0.5 dB, it may be inaudible in most cases</p>
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<p>Accept minor clipping – if clipping is < 0.5 dB, it may be inaudible in most cases</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><strong>Pre-process with a limiter</strong> - use <code>--pre-filter</code> to apply limiting before normalization:
<p>You can use pre-filters to modify the audio signal before or after it is normalized, e.g. by using dynamic compression. This smooths out any volume differences in the signal.</p>
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