03-types-conversion.md

title	Data Types and Type Conversion
teaching	10
exercises	10

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• Explain key differences between integers and floating point numbers.
• Explain key differences between numbers and character strings.
• Use built-in functions to convert between integers, floating point numbers, and strings.

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• What kinds of data do programs store?
• How can I convert one type to another?

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Every value has a type.

• Every value in a program has a specific type.
• Integer (int): represents positive or negative whole numbers like 3 or -512.
• Floating point number (float): represents real numbers like 3.14159 or -2.5.
• Character string (usually called "string", str): text.
  • Written in either single quotes or double quotes (as long as they match).
  • The quote marks aren't printed when the string is displayed.

Use the built-in function type to find the type of a value.

• Use the built-in function type to find out what type a value has.
• Works on variables as well.
  • But remember: the value has the type --- the variable is just a label.

print(type(52))

<class 'int'>

fitness = 'average'
print(type(fitness))

<class 'str'>

Types control what operations (or methods) can be performed on a given value.

• A value's type determines what the program can do to it.

print(5 - 3)

2

print('hello' - 'h')

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-2-67f5626a1e07> in <module>()
----> 1 print('hello' - 'h')

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'str' and 'str'

You can use the "+" and "*" operators on strings.

• "Adding" character strings concatenates them.

full_name = 'Ahmed' + ' ' + 'Walsh'
print(full_name)

Ahmed Walsh

• Multiplying a character string by an integer N creates a new string that consists of that character string repeated N times.
  • Since multiplication is repeated addition.

separator = '=' * 10
print(separator)

==========

Strings have a length (but numbers don't).

• The built-in function len counts the number of characters in a string.

print(len(full_name))

11

• But numbers don't have a length (not even zero).

print(len(52))

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-3-f769e8e8097d> in <module>()
----> 1 print(len(52))

TypeError: object of type 'int' has no len()

Must convert numbers to strings or vice versa when operating on them. {#convert-numbers-and-strings}

• Cannot add numbers and strings.

print(1 + '2')

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-4-fe4f54a023c6> in <module>()
----> 1 print(1 + '2')

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'

• Not allowed because it's ambiguous: should 1 + '2' be 3 or '12'?
• Some types can be converted to other types by using the type name as a function.

print(1 + int('2'))
print(str(1) + '2')

3
12

Can mix integers and floats freely in operations.

• Integers and floating-point numbers can be mixed in arithmetic.
  • Python 3 automatically converts integers to floats as needed.

print('half is', 1 / 2.0)
print('three squared is', 3.0 ** 2)

half is 0.5
three squared is 9.0

Assignment changes the value of a variable, it does not create links between variables.

When there is a variable on the right side of =, it uses the current value of that variable to set the value of the variable on the left side. After that value is set, adjusting one variable doesn't impact the other.

To demonstrate this:

a = 1
b = a
a = 2
print('a is', a, 'and b is', b)

a is 2 and b is 1

When b = a is run, a's value (1) is "assigned" to b, but no ongoing link is created between a and b.

Here is a slightly more complicated example involving computation on the second value:

variable_one = 1
variable_two = 5 * variable_one
variable_one = 2
print('variable_one is', variable_one, 'and variable_two is', variable_two)

variable_one is 2 and variable_two is 5

• Python reads the value of variable_one when doing the multiplication, creates a new value, and assigns it to variable_two.
• Afterwards, variable_two is set to this new value and is not dependent on variable_one so its value does not automatically change when variable_one changes.

Some data types that we haven't encountered yet (e.g. lists and dictionaries) have "links" inside them so they behave somewhat differently when you assign values to their contents. An example of this is shown in Episode 12: Lists.

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Fractions

What type of value is 3.4? How can you find out?

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Solution

It is a floating-point number (often abbreviated "float"). It is possible to find out by using the built-in function type().

print(type(3.4))

<class 'float'>

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Automatic Type Conversion

What type of value is 3.25 + 4?

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Solution

It is a float: integers are automatically converted to floats as necessary.

result = 3.25 + 4
print(result, 'is', type(result))

7.25 is <class 'float'>

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Choose a Type

What type of value (integer, floating point number, or character string) would you use to represent each of the following? Try to come up with more than one good answer for each problem. For example, in # 1, when would counting days with a floating point variable make more sense than using an integer?

1. Number of days since the start of the year.
2. Time elapsed from the start of the year until now in days.
3. Serial number of a piece of lab equipment.
4. A lab specimen's age
5. Current population of a city.
6. Average population of a city over time.

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Solution

The answers to the questions are:

1. Integer, since the number of days would lie between 1 and 365.
2. Floating point, since fractional days are required
3. Character string if serial number contains letters and numbers, otherwise integer if the serial number consists only of numerals
4. This will vary! How do you define a specimen's age? whole days since collection (integer)? date and time (string)?
5. Choose floating point to represent population as large aggregates (eg millions), or integer to represent population in units of individuals.
6. Floating point number, since an average is likely to have a fractional part.

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Division Types

In Python 3, the // operator performs integer (whole-number) floor division, the / operator performs floating-point division, and the % (or modulo) operator calculates and returns the remainder from integer division:

print('5 // 3:', 5 // 3)
print('5 / 3:', 5 / 3)
print('5 % 3:', 5 % 3)

5 // 3: 1
5 / 3: 1.6666666666666667
5 % 3: 2

If num_subjects is the number of subjects taking part in a study, and num_per_survey is the number that can take part in a single survey, write an expression that calculates the number of surveys needed to reach everyone once.

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Solution

We want the minimum number of surveys that reaches everyone once, which is the rounded up value of num_subjects/ num_per_survey. This is equivalent to performing a floor division with // and adding 1. Before the division we need to subtract 1 from the number of subjects to deal with the case where num_subjects is evenly divisible by num_per_survey.

num_subjects = 600
num_per_survey = 42
num_surveys = (num_subjects - 1) // num_per_survey + 1

print(num_subjects, 'subjects,', num_per_survey, 'per survey:', num_surveys)

600 subjects, 42 per survey: 15

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Strings to Numbers

Where reasonable, float() will convert a string to a floating point number, and int() will convert a floating point number to an integer:

print("string to float:", float("3.4"))
print("float to int:", int(3.4))

string to float: 3.4
float to int: 3

If the conversion doesn't make sense, however, an error message will occur.

print("string to float:", float("Hello world!"))

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-5-df3b790bf0a2> in <module>
----> 1 print("string to float:", float("Hello world!"))

ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'Hello world!'

Given this information, what do you expect the following program to do?

What does it actually do?

Why do you think it does that?

print("fractional string to int:", int("3.4"))

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Solution

What do you expect this program to do? It would not be so unreasonable to expect the Python 3 int command to convert the string "3.4" to 3.4 and an additional type conversion to 3. After all, Python 3 performs a lot of other magic - isn't that part of its charm?

int("3.4")

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-2-ec6729dfccdc> in <module>
----> 1 int("3.4")
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '3.4'

However, Python 3 throws an error. Why? To be consistent, possibly. If you ask Python to perform two consecutive typecasts, you must convert it explicitly in code.

int(float("3.4"))

3

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Arithmetic with Different Types

Which of the following will return the floating point number 2.0? Note: there may be more than one right answer.

first = 1.0
second = "1"
third = "1.1"

1. first + float(second)
2. float(second) + float(third)
3. first + int(third)
4. first + int(float(third))
5. int(first) + int(float(third))
6. 2.0 * second

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Solution

Answer: 1 and 4

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Complex Numbers

Python provides complex numbers, which are written as 1.0+2.0j. If val is a complex number, its real and imaginary parts can be accessed using dot notation as val.real and val.imag.

a_complex_number = 6 + 2j
print(a_complex_number.real)
print(a_complex_number.imag)

6.0
2.0

1. Why do you think Python uses j instead of i for the imaginary part?
2. What do you expect 1 + 2j + 3 to produce?
3. What do you expect 4j to be? What about 4 j or 4 + j?

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Solution

1. Standard mathematics treatments typically use i to denote an imaginary number. However, from media reports it was an early convention established from electrical engineering that now presents a technically expensive area to change. Stack Overflow provides additional explanation and discussion.
2. (4+2j)
3. 4j and Syntax Error: invalid syntax. In the latter cases, j is considered a variable and the statement depends on if j is defined and if so, its assigned value.

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:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: keypoints

• Every value has a type.
• Use the built-in function type to find the type of a value.
• Types control what operations can be done on values.
• Strings can be added and multiplied.
• Strings have a length (but numbers don't).
• Must convert numbers to strings or vice versa when operating on them.
• Can mix integers and floats freely in operations.
• Variables only change value when something is assigned to them.

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