feat: Poseidon2 Hash Instantiation for BLS12-377

[Tabaie]

Description

This PR provides a generic Merkle Damgard construction, an instantiation of Poseidon2 as a hash for BLS12-377, and GKR gates for the same curve.

Fixes # (issue)

Type of change

Please delete options that are not relevant.

• Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• This change requires a documentation update

How has this been tested?

Please describe the tests that you ran or implemented to verify your changes. Provide instructions so we can reproduce.

• Test A
• Test B

How has this been benchmarked?

Please describe the benchmarks that you ran to verify your changes.

• Benchmark A, on Macbook pro M1, 32GB RAM
• Benchmark B, on x86 Intel xxx, 16GB RAM

Checklist:

• I have performed a self-review of my code
• I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• I have made corresponding changes to the documentation
• I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my feature works
• I did not modify files generated from templates
• golangci-lint does not output errors locally
• New and existing unit tests pass locally with my changes
• Any dependent changes have been merged and published in downstream modules

[ivokub]

It seemed that we didn't have the diagonal matrices if T != 2,3, so I explicitly call panic for now to ensure this mode is not used. Previously we essentially multiplied by uninitialized (zero) matrix which is probably insecure.

I also refactored a bit so that we can better refer to the parameters and round constants from gnark side. I also made the seed fully deterministic as this is what the reference implementation did and imo leaves less room for making errors.

Finally, renamed some of the arguments/field names to better describe what they are (as previously we would have to check the actual implementation instead of the package documentation).

I also separated the GKR gates into a separate package so that we would only need to load it when needed. I also recommend using the registry-based approach as currently the gkr.Gates access is not synchronized which may lead to inconsistent state.

I see that you have already started another PR #628 which assumes this PR. Feel free to revert the commits but I think it could be useful for more generic usage.