Spatial Heterogeneity in Human Mobility Responses to London's ULEZ Expansion

This repository contains code and data supporting the paper Spatial Heterogeneity in Human Mobility Responses to London's Ultra-Low Emission Zone Expansion by Yikang Wang and Dr Chen Zhong.

Repository Structure

The repository is organised as follows:

• Code:
  • Extended ITS.ipynb: Jupyter Notebook implementing the extended Interrupted Time Series (ITS) analysis.
• Input data:
  • mobility indicators/: Pre-calculated human mobility indicators derived from mobile phone location data, aggregated at the Middle Layer Super Output Area (MSOA) and Local Authority District (LAD) levels.
  • Census Data/: Socioeconomic indicators from the 2021 UK Census (aggregated at MSOA/LAD levels).
  • PTAL/: Public Transport Accessibility Level (PTAL) and Index (PTAI) data, aggregated at MSOA and LAD levels.
  • fuel price/: Weekly fuel price data. This dataset was excluded from final analysis due to multicollinearity.
  • UK Geo Data/: UK MSOA boundary data.
• Output:
  • results/: Processed model outputs, including merged tables and figures referenced in the paper.

Usage

Execute Extended ITS.ipynb using Jupyter Notebook. Ensure required Python dependencies are installed (full list in requirements.txt).

Citation

Wang, Y., & Zhong, C. (2025). Spatial heterogeneity in human mobility responses to London’s ultra-low emission zone expansion. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 145, 104810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2025.104810

BibTeX:

@article{Wang2025ULEZ,
  title   = {Spatial heterogeneity in human mobility responses to {London's} ultra-low emission zone expansion},
  author  = {Wang, Yikang and Zhong, Chen},
  journal = {Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment},
  volume  = {145},
  pages   = {104810},
  year    = {2025},
  issn    = {1361-9209},
  doi     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2025.104810}
}