feat: verification of binary heap

[cmlsharp]

This PR is still a work in progress, but I wanted to get it out there.

This PR begins the process of addressing #1442. Thus far I have managed to prove that heapifyDown, heapifyUp, and mkHeap preserve the binary heap correctness property, These should be the lions share of the difficulty, as the remaining operations are largely wrappers around the former two.

As suggested in that thread, this PR also alters the definition of BinaryHeap to use an Ord instance on the contained type rather than a comparison function. The proofs additionally rely on Std.OrientedOrd and Std.TransOrd.

The core correctness property is encoded as:

@[expose]
public def WF.children [Ord α] (a : Vector α sz) (i : Fin sz) : Prop :=
  let left := 2 * i.val + 1
  let right := left + 1
  (∀ _ : left < sz, compare a[i] a[left] |>.isGE) ∧
  (∀ _ : right < sz, compare a[i] a[right] |>.isGE)


@[expose]
public def WF [Ord α] (v : Vector α sz) : Prop :=
  ∀ i : Fin sz, WF.children v i

However, for proving heapifyUp it was more convenient to use a "bottom up" version of a correctness property

def WF.parent [Ord α] (a : Vector α sz) (i : Fin sz) : Prop :=
  ∀ _ : 0 < i.val, compare a[i] a[(i.val - 1)/2] |>.isLE
  
def WF.bottomUp [Ord α] (v : Vector α sz) : Prop :=
  ∀ i : Fin sz, WF.parent v i

I provide a theorem that WF is equivalent to WF.bottomUp.

[cmlsharp]

WIP

[cmlsharp]

(I will say, I'm currently overusing grind so compilation is slow at the moment)

[fgdorais]

Please merge main to clarify API changes.

[ghost]

Mathlib CI status (docs):

• ❌ Mathlib branch batteries-pr-testing-1602 built against this PR, but testing failed. (2026-01-07 04:13:07) View Log
• ✅ Mathlib branch batteries-pr-testing-1602 has successfully built against this PR. (2026-01-18 13:32:48) View Log

[cmlsharp]

I made a bunch of simplifications to a few of the lemmas, and factored out some duplicated shared structure between them.